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''Shilpa Shastras (gift of viswabrahmin)(Sanskrit: शिल्प शास्त्र ') literally means the Science of Śilpa (arts and crafts).〔Stella Kramrisch (1958), (Traditions of the Indian Craftsman ), The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, Traditional India: Structure and Change (Jul. - Sep., 1958), pp. 224-230〕〔Sinha, A. (1998), Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras, Journal of Cultural Geography, 17(2), pp. 27-41〕 It is an ancient umbrella term for numerous Hindu texts that describe arts, crafts, and their design rules, principles and standards. In the context of temple design, Shilpa Shastras were manuals for sculpture and Hindu iconography, prescribing among other things, the proportions of a sculptured figure, composition, principles, meaning, as well as rules of architecture.〔For Śilpa Śāstras as basis for iconographic standards, see: Hopkins, Thomas J. (1971). The Hindu Religious Tradition. Belmont, California: Dickenson Publishing Company, p. 113.〕 Sixty-four techniques for such arts or crafts, sometimes called ' "external or practical arts", are traditionally enumerated, including carpentry, architecture, jewellery, farriery, acting, dancing, music, medicine, poetry etc., besides sixty-four ' or "secret arts"' which include mostly "erotic arts" such as kissing, embracing, etc. (Monier-Williams s.v. '). While Shilpa and Vaastu Shastras are related, Shilpa Shastras deal with arts and crafts such as forming statues, icons, stone murals, painting, carpentry, pottery, jewelry, dying, textiles and others.〔Misra, R. N. (2011), Silpis in Ancient India: Beyond their Ascribed Locus in Ancient Society, Social Scientist, Vol. 39, No. 7/8, pages 43-54〕〔M. Chandra (1973), Costumes, Textiles, Cosmetics an Coiffures in Ancient and Medieval India, Delhi, 〕 Vastu Shastras deal with building architecture - building houses, forts, temples, apartments, village and town layout, etc. ==Description== Silpa (शिल्प, Shilpa) refers to any art or craft in ancient Indian texts, while Sastra means science. Together, Silpa Sastra means the science of art and crafts. The ancient Sanskrit texts use the term Śilpin (शिल्पिन्, Shilpin, male artist)〔(Śilpin ) Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany〕 and Śilpini (शिल्पिनी, Shilpini, female artist)〔(Śilpini ) Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany〕 for artists and crafts person, while Śilpani refers to works of arts of man.〔 The meaning of Shilpa, according to Stella Karmrisch, is complex. She writes that it consists of "art, skill, craft, labor, ingenuity, rite and ritual, form and creation.”〔〔Stella Kramrisch (1958), (Traditions of the Indian Craftsman ), The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, (Jul. - Sep., 1958), pp. 224-230〕 The range of crafts encompassed by the term Shilpa extends to every aspect of culture, includes sculptor, the potter, the perfumer, the wheelwright, the painter, the weaver, the architect, the dancer, the musician, the arts of love, and others. Ancient Indian texts assert that the number of the arts is unlimited, they deploy sixty four ‘‘kala’’ (कला, techniques)〔Vatsyayana, Kamasutra I.3, Jayamangala〕 and thirty two ‘‘vidyas’’ (विद्या, fields of knowledge).〔〔Vatsyayana, Kamasutra, Book I, Chapter 3〕 Shilpa is discussed in Agamas, Puranas and Vastu Shastra where it is linked to the mythology of Visvakarma. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「shilpa shastras」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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